Job Satisfaction among University Teachers: An Empirical Study
Abstract
Teachers are the pillars of the society, who help students to grow to shoulder the responsibility of taking their nation ahead of others. They desire security, recognition, new experience and independence. When these needs are not fulfilled they become tense. Dissatisfaction among workers is undesirable and dangerous in any profession; it is suicidal if it occurs in teaching profession (The Education Commission, 1966). If factors responsible for dissatisfaction can be differentiated, attempts can be made either to change those conditions or to reduce their intensity so as to increase the holding power of the profession. So keeping in view this situation, it has been decided to find out which facet or dimension affects the job satisfaction of university teachers the most. The present study takes into account intrinsic and extrinsic factors to find out the level of job satisfaction and to see the effect of age, gender, marital status, education, occupation level and length of employment on the job satisfaction of academicians. This paper aims at identifying the facets affecting the job satisfaction of a teacher the most in order of importance and accordingly suggests strategic action for creating and maintaining their job satisfaction.
Downloads
References
Ahuja, D.C. (1976) ‘Mental health hazards among school teachers’, The Education Review, 8, 155-157. Amoran, O.E., Omokhodion F.O., Dairo M.D and Adebayo A.O. (2005) ‘Job satisfaction among primary health care workers in three selected local government areas in southwest Nigeria’, Nigerian Journal of Medicine 14:2, 195-99. (cited 26 June, 2006), available from: www.ncbi.nim. gov/entrez/query.fcgi?. Angelo, J.K., Frances, M. M.R. C., Schriesheim, A. Kenneth, P.C. (2002) ‘Assessing the construct validity of the job descriptive index: A review and meta analysis’, Journal of Applied Psychology, 87:1, 14-32. Birmingham, J.A., (1985) ‘Job satisfaction and burnout among Minnesota teachers’, Dissertation Abstracts International, 45:8, 2318-A. Bobbitt, S.A., Leich, M.C., Whitener, S.D. and Lynch, H.F. (1994) ‘Characteristics of stayers, movers, and leavers: Results from the teacher follow-up survey’, Washington, DC:U.S. Department Of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement, National Center For Education Statistics, NCES 94-337. Boe, E.E. and Gilford, D.M. (1992) ‘Teacher supply, demand, and quality’, National Research Council, Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
Brunetti, G. J. (2001), “Why do they teach? A study of job satisfaction among long-term high school teachers”, Teacher Education Quarterly,(online) (cited 15 September, 2006) Available from: http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3960/is_200107/ai_n8974684/pg_16 Cano, J. and Miller, G. (1992) ‘An analysis of job satisfaction and job satisfier factors among six taxonomies of agricultural teachers’, Journal of Agricultural Education, 33, 9-16. Caudron (2000) ‘Good jobs bad jobs’, International Labour Review, 127:4, 205-210.
Chandariah, K., Agrawal, S.C., Marimuthu, P. and Manoharan, N. (2007) ‘Ocupational stress and job satisfaction among managers’ (cited 7 Feburary, 2007). Available from: www.google.com/search?q=cache:CLD4iMWmeewJ:www.medind.nic.in/iay/t03/i2/iayt03i2p6.pdf. Cheung, C., Steven, A. S. (1999) ‘Job satisfaction, work values and sex differences in Taiwan’s organizations’, Journal of Psychology, 133:5, 563-576. Choy, S.P., Bobbitt, S.A., Henke, R.R., Horn, M. L. J. and Lieberman, J. (1993), “America’s Teachers: Profile Of A Profession”, Washington, DC: U.S. Department Of Education, Office of Educational Research And Improvement, National Center For Education Statistics, NCES 93-025. Clark, A.E. (1997) ‘Job satisfaction and gender: why are women so happy at work?’, Labour Economics, 4, 341–72. Clark, A., Osward, A. and Warr, P. (1996), “Is job satisfaction U shaped” Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 69, 57-81. Dwivedi, N. (1977), ‘A study of the effect of financial incentives on job satisfaction of blue collar workers’, Indian Education Review, 12:1, 49-76.
Education Commission (1966), ‘The Report of Education Commission (1964-66)’, Ministry of Education, Government of India. Egbule ,P. E. (2003), “Factors related to job satisfaction of academic staff in Nigerian universities”, Journal of Further and Higher Education, 27:2, 157 – 166 (cited 8 Feburary, 2007) Available from :http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a713677196?words=factors%7crelated%7cjob%7csatisfaction&hash=2182297297. Fincham, R. and Rhodes, P.S. (1988) The Individual Work and Organisation, Weidenfeld & Nicholson, London. Foels,R., Driskell, J., Mullen, B. and Salas, E., ‘The effect of democratic leadership on group member satisfaction: An interaction”, Small Group Research, 31:6, 676-701. Foster, J. J. (2002) Data Analysis: Using SPSS For Windows, Sage Publication, New Delhi. Ganguly, H.C. (1994) Job Satisfaction Scales For Effective Management, Concept Publishing Company, New Delhi. Glen, N.D. and Weaver, C.N. (1982) ‘Enjoyment of work by full time workers in the United States, 1950 and 1980’, Public Opinion Quarterly, 46:4, 459-470. Glimmer, B.V.H. (1966) Industrial Psychology, Mc Graw Hills Book Co., New York. Hackman, J.R. and Oldham, G.R. (1976) ‘Motivation through the design of work: Test of a theory’, Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 16, 250-279. Hair.J. F., Rolph E.A., Tatham, R.L. and Black, W.C. (1995) Multivariate Data Analysis, New Jersey, Prentice Hall,Inc. Haque, M.I. (2004) ‘Job satisfaction of Indian academicians: a study based on gender and age’, The Indian Journal of Commerce, 57:2, 102-113. Herzberg, f., Mausner, B., Peterson, R.O. and Campbell, D.E. (1957) Job Attitudes: Review of Research and Opinion, Psychological Services of Pittisberg, Pittisberg. Herzberg, F., Mausner, B., Peterson, R.O., & Snyderman, B.B. (1959) The Motivation to Work, Willey, New York Hom, P.W., Griffeth, R.W. (1992) ‘A Meta-analytical structural equation analysis of a model of employee turnover’, Journal of Applied Psychology, 77, 890-909. Ishawara, P. and Laxmana, P. (2008) ‘Job satisfaction at higher education: a case study of Karnataka State’, The Indian Journal of Commerce, 61:3, 101-112. Jenning, D. M. (1999) ‘Is Length of Employment Related to Job Satisfaction’, Department of Psychology, MWSC. (cited 8 March, 2008) available from: www.clearinghouse,mwsc.edu/review/viewasp?Logon=&code=&id=98&dummy=w. Jonge, J., Dollord, F., Dormann, C. and Le, B. P., ‘The demand control model: specific demands, specific control and well defined groups’, International Journal of Stress Management, 7:4, 269-287.
Joseph, A.R. and Richard, A. (2002) ‘Worker’s evaluation in five countries’, International Labour Review, 141:4, 305-310. Kates, S.L. (1950) ‘Rorschach responses, strong blank scales and job satisfaction among policemen’, Journal of Applied Psychology, 34:4, 249-254. Knerr, M. J. (2006), “An empirical analysis of the relationship between marital status & job satisfaction”, Under Graduate Journal for the Human Science (online) (cited 18th July, 2006) Available from: http://medicina.kmu.lt/0410/0410-14e.pdf and http://www.ikon.org./index.html. Knoop, R. (1995), ‘Relationship among job involvement, job satisfaction and organisational commitment for nurses’, Journal of Psychology, 126:6, 643-649. Kulhen, R.G. (1963), ‘Needs perceived need satisfaction, opportunities and satisfaction with occupation’, Journal of Applied Psychology, 47, 56-64. Lawler, E.E. (1971) Pay and Organisational Effectiveness: A Psychological View, Mc Graw Hill, New York. Leary, P., Nestor, P.I. (2000), ‘The relationship between tenure and non tenure track status of extension faculty and job satisfaction’, Journal of Extension, [Online] 38:4. Available from:http://joe.org./joe/2000august/rb1.html. Lee, V. E., Dedrick, R. F., and Smith, J. B. (1991), ‘The effect of the social organization of schools on teachers’ efficacy and satisfaction’, Sociology of Education, 64,190-208. Lewis, A.L.F. (1982), ‘Job satisfaction, decisional discrepancy, academic social climate and academic achievement in selected title1 elementary schools,, Dissertation Abstracts International, 43:1, 35-A. Locke, E.A. (1976) ‘The nature and causes of job satisfaction’ in Dunette, M.D. (Ed.), Handbook of Industrial and Organisational Psychology, Rand Mc Nally, Chicago, 1297-1350. Luthans, F. (1989) Organisational Behaviour, New York: McGraw Hill. Mathieu, J.E., Zajac, D.M. (1990), ‘A review and meta analysis of antecedents, correlates and consequences of organisational commitment”, Psychological Bulletin, 108,171-194. Metle, M. K. (2001), ‘Education, job satisfaction and gender in Kuwait’, International Journal of Human Resource Management, 12:2, 311–332 Mobley, W.H., Griffeth, R.W., Hand, H.H. and Megino, B.M. (1979), ‘Review and conceptual analysis of the employee turnover process’, Psychological Bulletin, 86, 493-522. Mwamwenda, T. (1997), ‘Teacher gender differences in job satisfaction in Transkei”, Research in Education, (cited 8July, 2007)
Available from: www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3765/is_199711/ai_n8775798 Orden, S.R., Bradburn, N.M. (1968), ‘Dimension of marriage happiness’, American Journal of Sociology, 73, 715-732.
Oshabegmi, T. (2000), ‘How satisfied are academics with their task of teaching, research and administration and management?’,International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 1:2, 124-135. Parelius, A.P. (!982), “Review: Equity in Education”, Contemporary Sociology: A Journal of Reviews, 11:2, 166-167. Park, A. (1992), “Women, men and academic hierarchy: Exploring the relationship between rank and sex”, Oxford Review of Education”, 18, 227-239. Perie, M. and Baker, D. P. (1997), ‘Job Satisfaction Among America’s Teachers: Effects Of Workplace Conditions, Background Characteristics, And Teacher Compensation”, Statistical Analysis Report July 1997 U.S. Department Of Education Office Of Educational Research And Improvement NCES 97–XXX (cited 11 July, 2006) Available from: http://nces.ed.gov/pubs97/web/97471.asp, Pickett, R. and Sevastoss, P.(2003), ‘The application of a facet scale job satisfaction model for environmental health officers in Australia and Scotland’, International Journal of Environmental Health Research,13:2, 149-167.
Pilanandanond, M, Jose, J. K. and Lakasna, S. (2004), ‘The relationship among working conditions, job satisfaction and teachers’ performance in private schools under kottayam cooperative agency, Kerala, India.” (cited 3 November, 2006) Available from: www.google.com/search?q=cache:1AiBtQmwTE0J:www.education.au.edu/Fr_Jose_%2520Joseph_%2520K. Rai, S., Sinha, A.K. (2002), ‘Job delight: beyond job satisfaction’, Indian Journal of Industrial Relations, 23:3, 126-136. Ramakrishnaiah, D. (1998) Job Satisfaction of College Teachers, Discovery Publishing House, New Delhi. Rao, G.D. (1997) Attitude, Values and Perceptions, Kanisha Publication, New Delhi. Reudavay, P.G.R., Ling, C.C. and Dickie, L. (2003), ‘Influence on aviation employees’ performance in South East Asia: A multivariate analysis of job satisfaction variables’, (cited 9 July 2007) available from: http://blake.montclair.edu/~libcon-confernce e-data-theme4-Australia3.pdf Schneider, M. (2002), ‘Do school facilities affect academic outcomes?’ Washington, D.C.: National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities. (cited 8 March, 2006) available from: www.edfacilities.org/pubs/teachersurvey. Sexena, N. (1990), ‘A study of some correlates of job satisfaction in teaching profession’, A thesis submitted to Agra University for Degree of Ph.D. in Education, 90-92. Sharma, R.D. And Jyoti, J.(2006), ‘Job satisfaction among school teachers’, IIMB Management Review, 18: 4, 349-363. ———————— (2005) ‘What influences job satisfaction the most?’ Business Vision, 2:1, 1-26. Smerek, R. E. and Peterson, M. (2007), “Examining Herzberg’s theory: improving job satisfaction among non-academic employees at a university” Research in Higher Education, 48:2, 229-250. (cited 7 Nov., 2007) Available from: http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/Home.portal?_nfpb=true&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=ED147985&ERI CExtSearch_SearchType_0=eric_accno&_pageLabel=RecordDetails&accno= EJ757786&_nfls=false&objectId=0900019b8016243a
Smith T. W. 2007, ‘Job satisfaction in U.S.A.’, NORC/University of Chicago, pp. 1-9. (cited 10 September, 2007) Available from: http://wwwnews.uchicago.edu/releases/07/pdf/070417.jobs.pdf Smith, F.D. (1978), ‘A net work analysis of a bureau of Indian affairs school system to determine factors involved in job satisfaction’, Dissertation Abstracts International, 38:70, 4085-A. Smith, H.D. (1982), ‘Teacher voluntary absenteeism and perceptions of the professional environment, job satisfaction and impact of collective bargaining’, Dissertation Abstracts International, 37:9, 5517-A. Smith, P.C., Kendall, L.M. and Hulin, C.L. (1969) Measurement of Satisfaction in Work and Retirement, Chicago, Rand McNally. Srivastava. D., Holani, U. and Bajpai, N. (2005), ‘Job satisfaction in public sector’, Indian Management, 44:5,62-65. Stone, V. (2000), “Job satisfaction in radio news”, [online] (cited 6 March, 2007) Available from: http:www.missouri-edu./~jourvs/rasatis/html. Wagner, J.A., Gooding, R.Z. (1987), ‘Shared influence and organizational behaviour: a meta analysis of situational variable expected to moderate participation outcome relationship’, Academy of Management Journal, 30:3, 524-541. Wanous, J.P., Lawler, E.E. (1972), ‘Measurement and meaning of job satisfaction’, Journal of Applied Psychology, 56:2, 95-105. Webster, A.L. (1995) Statistics for Business Economics, The Mc-Graw-Hills Companies Inc., London. Winter R. and Sarros, J. (2002), ‘The academic work environment in Australian universities: a motivating place to work?’ Higher Education Research and Development, 21:3, 241-258. Witt,L and Nye, L. (1992), ‘Gender and the relationship between perceived fairness of pay or promotion and job satisfaction’, Journal of Applied Psychology, December, 910-917. Wright, T.A., Cropanzano, R. (1997), ‘Shared influence and organizational behaviour: a meta analysis of situational variable expected to moderate participation outcome relationship’, Academy of Management Proceedings, 364-371. Yousef, D. A. (2002), ‘The interactive effects of role conflict and role ambiguity on job satisfaction and attitudes toward organizational change: a moderated multiple regression approach’, International Journal of Stress Management, 7:4, 289-303.
